Since the late 16th centur y the Ming dynast y reached a high plane of achievements in terms of culture while it encountered crisis in terms of politics and military. In those days, The Story of the Water Margin (Shuihuzhuan, 『水滸傳』) was more than a novel. At that time its story was published in books and performed as a play. The general public enjoyed pictures pertaining to this novel and moreover indulged in this story even using gambling devices on which figures from this story were portrayed. This fever for Water Margin was one of the immediate causes of the situations brought about at the end of the Ming dynasty that was on the verge of ruin.(이하 생략)

崔琇景 Choi, Sookyung, 「明末의 기녀를 둘러싼 문화적 이미지와 그 의미 A Study on Cultural Images of the Late Ming Courtesans」, 『中國語文論叢 Journal of Chinese Language and Literature』31, 2006. 陳洪綬 Chen, Hongshou, 『陳洪綬集 Collected Wrtten Works of Chen Hongshou』1, 杭州: 浙江古 籍出版社 Hangzhou: Zhejiang Ancient Book Publishing House, 2012. 盧輔聖 Lu, fusheng, 『朶雲 Duoyun 68: 陳洪綬硏究 Chen Hongshou Research』, 上海: 上海書畵 出版社 Shanghai: Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Publishing House, 2008. ?沙 Qiu, sha, 『陳洪綬硏究 Chen Hongshou Research』, 北京: 人民美術出版社 Beijing: People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 2004.(이하 생략)